Scientology research paper
Doug McCracken
EN245
Dr. Sarracino
4 May 2006
Comic Delusions and Torture: L. Ron Hubbard and Scientology
What is scientology? Is it a religion? A cult? A philosophy? Examining the origins of this religious organization provides some illuminating insights. Scientology began as Dianetics, a controversial psychology method developed by L. Ron Hubbard. The organization has steadily remained in the spotlight almost continuously for its entire life. It claims to have over a million followers all over the world, in practically every nation, but it does not release any of its records. It has been tax-exempt, officially recognized as a religion in the
“LRH”
A controversial public figure, Hubbard was first known as a science fiction writer in the years before World War Two. He was relatively popular in the pulp fiction market, despite some controversy over the legitimacy of his education. It appears that he was a habitual liar and a fraud. Research and investigative journalism by writers such as George Malko and Paulette Cooper call almost all of Hubbard’s life into question. He claimed to be well learned in the fields of physics and thermodynamics, although his actual grades, Ds, Es and Fs, indicate otherwise (Cooper, ch. 20) Hubbard claimed a Ph. D. from a Sequoia University, although no such university was ever found.
An investigation into the university revealed it was a so-called degree mill, an operation that takes money and without testing or classes, grants degrees to its customers. Hubbard would later “resign” his degree, allegedly over what “doctors” were plotting with nuclear weapons. Apparently Hubbard didn’t think that people with doctorates should be designing weaponry, or perhaps that doctors should be concerned with the well being of humans.
Hubbard joined the military at the start of the Second World War. Scientology texts exalt him as a hero, and Hubbard told stories of himself being wounded in combat. The truth of the matter is that his superiors gave him very negative reviews, dismissing him from overseas service. Hubbard was sent to
Scientology exalts his war time service with fake records claiming he was in combat, that he was in command of many vessels and that he received scores of rewards and medals. False on all accounts, according to the Navy, as seen at: http://www.holysmoke.org/sdhok/war-rec.htm The Navy uses a form known as the DD214. The Navy’s official copy is very different from the one circulated by Scientology and the officer who signed the Scientology version of this form does not even exist as a person in the United States, much less as an officer in the Navy. Many of the medals Scientology claims its founder was awarded do not even exist. Hubbard also claimed disability from the Navy for a variety of ailments, long after his science of Dianetics claims to have found solutions to these problems.
Another note of interest that Cooper draws attention to concerns Dianetics. Introduced in the May 1950 book Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health, it is described as a means of self-improvement. The concept of “auditing”, were one person bombards another with painful, emotionally disturbing personal questions, appears in Scientology as well. In the time frame that Hubbard claims he was doing experiments with 270 people, he was churning out pulp fiction at a remarkable rate, along with allegedly practicing black magic with occult figure Aleister Crowley. Hubbard made claims to research dating back more than 30 years at the time he revealed Dianetics—the date at the time would mean that he started his research of the human mind before he attended elementary school. (Cooper) Dianetics information first appeared in the magazine Astounding Science Fiction, for which Hubbard was a voluminous writer. He was also friends with John W. Campbell, science fiction writer and editor and a border-line popular novelist named A. E. van Vogt. These men supported him, with
Hubbard renamed Dianetics to Scientology in the early 1950s and opened the first
These investigations, largely by nations of the
During the 1980s, Hubbard retuned to publishing science fiction. There were reports of many wealthy Scientologists buying dozens of copies of each book, in an aim to make the book a best-seller. Despite being officially resigned from Scientology, Hubbard continued to receive large sums of money from the group. Forbes magazine estimated his 1982 income exceeded forty million dollars. L. Ron Hubbard died on the 24th of January, 1986. The
Scientology’s methods
Much of the controversy around Scientology seems to arise from the fact that is supposedly both a method of science and a faith/religion. These two elements of society are frequently at odds; perhaps they always will be in the American popular culture. Scientology began as Dianetics, so some discussion of Dianetics is important. Even in those early days, Hubbard was saying things that cast a lot of doubt on the intentions behind his philosophies. The following quote is just one of many.
It was 1950, in the early, heady days of Dianetics, soon after L. Ron Hubbard opened the doors of his first organization to the clamoring crowd. Up until then, Hubbard was known only to readers of pulp science fiction, but now he had an instant best-seller with a book that promised to solver every problem of the human mind, and the cash was pouring in. Hubbard found it easy to create schemes to part is new following from their money. One of the first tasks was to arrange “grades” of membership, offering supposedly greater rewards, at increasingly high prices. Over thirty years later, an associate wryly remembered Hubbard turning to him and confiding, no doubt with a smile, “Let’s sell these people a piece of the blue sky.” (Atack iv)
Dianetics, originally marketed as a mental self help methodology, supposedly has its origins in Hubbard observing and experimenting with many people. Despite its claims to being a science, there was no mention of any kind of control group. He used his connections in the publishing industry to generate interest and curiosity. One of the first converts to this new philosophy was Hubbard’s former co-worker and friend, John Campbell. To another new convert, Joseph Winter, M.D. he wrote:
With cooperation from some institutions, some psychiatrists, he has worked on all types of cases. Institutionalized schizophrenics, apathies, manics, depressives, perverts, stuttering, neuroses— in all nearly 1,000 cases… He doesn’t have proper statistics… (emphasis mine) He has cured every patient he worked… (Atack, 106)
Originally announced via a science fiction magazine, Hubbard published an article on Dianetics in the spring of 1950, in The Explorers Club Journal. In this article, he explained Dianetics as a “tool for the expedition commander and doctor who are faced with choosing personnel and maintaining that personnel in good health.” (Atack 105-6) What exactly this quote is saying is difficult to decipher. From the quote, it seems he was trying to sell his method to scientists and science fans, perhaps members of the military. Hubbard seems to have always seen himself as some kind of military-scientist hero, despite the damning evidence against his being either.
What can be gathered is that Dianetics and later Scientology believe all illness and disease to be psychosomatic—that is, caused by the mind alone. Everything from arthritis to drug addictions and ulcers are viewed as psychosomatic problems caused by the repression of painful memories. One scientist remarked it was “Freudian psychology for lunatics”. (FIND AGAIN) In order to cure these… maladies, a question and answer session system called auditing was promoted. In this session, which can cost more than $1000, and may last for hours, the auditor asks hundreds of questions to the subject, who is hooked to the E-meter, an electrical appliance similar to a lie-detector but even more unproven. The E-meter itself was said by Dianetics/Scientology officials to have therapeutic properties. With enough auditing, an individual’s “tone level” could be raised to a level known as “Enthusiasm” (Atack, 123) An Enthusiastic person will be almost immune to disease and have some kind of divine understanding of reality, while a person with a low tone level will be confused and sickly. Bizarre charts and tables with dozens of categories were produced by Hubbard to chart an individual’s progress.
The questions asked in these sessions are found on a number of lists called “Security Checks.” (Liberal use of seemingly Random Capitalization seems to have been a Hobby to Hubbard.)The first of them, produced by Hubbard himself is over 100 questions in length, beginning with nonsense questions (such as “Am I an ostrich?”) to “calibrate the E-meter.” Another is over 400 questions long. All of the lists are apparently to be completed in one session. These lists ask questions ranging from homophobic and racist, such as “Have you ever practiced Homosexuality?” and “Have you ever slept with a member of a race of another color?” to bizarre political questions (the patriot/soldier/scientist angle again) such as “Do you feel Communism has some good points?” (yes being a bad thing), to the paranoid—“Have you ever had unkind thoughts about LRH (Hubbard’s moniker in Scientology)?” to the laughably absurd—“Have you ever destroyed a culture?” Have you ever blanketed bodies for the sensation kick (I can’t figure out what this even means) to some harkening back to his pulp sci-fi days—“Did you come to Earth for evil purposes? ‘Have you ever zapped anyone?” “Have you ever eaten a human body?” ” (Atack, 150-152) An important question, perhaps one of the most important of all—if one answers yes to this question they will be removed from Scientology ASAP is this one—“Have you ever been a journalist?”. Auditees are never allowed to view their own file of results from these readers, leading to a constant paranoia of being discovered unworthy and completely shunned by their fellow Scientologists.
Things get stranger. Hubbard began talking of past lives, going back billions of years and referring to almost everyone as pre-clears. The pre-clear label refers to people who have not cleaned their minds and Thetans. Eventually, it would be revealed that Hubbard believed the human soul to be an immortal being called a Thetan, which was imprisoned in a humanoid body by an evil being known as Xenu. Massive space craft with shocking similarities to giant sized modern aircraft are involved in bombing planets, planting Thetans in bodies themselves embedded in volcanoes, among other things.
Hubbard began feuding with is board of directors, largely made up friends and family, at this time. He went on to call them traitors and change his philosophy’s name to Scientology. Several of the higher ups who split from Scientology in this time—the 1960s, went on to form their own crack pot cults. Hubbard and others of the original Scientology faith pursued and harassed many of these splinter groups. They may have even killed one of their leaders.
Scientology’s reputation and status
A number of deaths have been attributed to Scientology. The first one is the death of Susan Meister. A college-age member of Scientology, she joined in 1970. She wrote her parents and family frequently, always encouraging them to try Scientology. Within a year, she had joined the Sea Org. A month after that, she was on the Flagship Apollo. Slightly more than a month later, her parents were informed of her death. What happened next made her parents and others very suspicious of Scientology. Her father received a phone call from Guardian’s Office Public Relations man Artie Maren (Atack 198) and met him the next day. Maren presented him with a fact sheet regarding his daughter’s death. Meister told Maren that he wanted the body flown back to the
Confused and angry, Meister went to
“LRH”, who was with Sea Org at the time, refused to see him. Meister shot a lot of film while he was there. It was missing when he left. Then, the Scientology people tried to bride him. Outraged, he went to the airport to leave the country when a large man in a suit confronted him and told him he was being watched. Upon return to the
He made arrangements for the body to be exhumed and shipped home, but was told she had probably died of cholera and it would not be possible to send her body home. (Atack 201). Scientologist continued to harass him for six years, saying that had enough evidence to smear both him and his daughter, claiming they had proof she was a pornographer and a drug addict. They also launched a campaign to discredit the
This behavior raises many questions about the honesty and legitimacy of the entire organization. Why was Susan’s father given the run-around? Why was he denied access to her body? Why was the body buried before he left and why did Scientologists lie to him? How could she kill herself with a revolver and not have powder burns on the still bloody entry point? Why would someone who wrote such positive letters commit suicide within days of writing them? Why was Meister harassed for six years? Why would an honest organization with a benevolent mission of enlightening the planet behave so duplicitously? Perhaps the letters were fabrications intended to promote a positive image to the outside world with the hope of attracting more customers.
Sea Org defectors tell stories that would make something like that seem plausible. While LRH was with the Org, he adopted and experimented with a variety of punishments to those that were unproductive or disruptive. Members were sleep deprived (a common LRH punishment), or forced to spend days in the ship’s filthy, rat-infested, tiny chain lockers with no room to sit down. Members were even thrown overboard as punishment, forced to wear filthy chains around their arms. This kind of behavior persisted for several years, at least through the year 1976. (Atack, 196) Perhaps poor Susan, naïve idealist, was subjected to such torture and humiliation. Maybe she really did have a drug problem and the Scientology cures of auditing and E-metering were ineffective. Was she killed to prevent her from breaking the bubble of lies?
Furthermore, why would a benevolent organization infiltrate the
Along with these campaigns, Scientologists in GO launched a plot against Paulette Cooper, who wrote one the first books against Scientology, exposing it as a harmful, vaguely fascist, dangerous cult. She was indicted for making a bomb threat against the
A large purge of Scientology occurred after the arrests and public trial. Mary Sue, once the co-leader of the group, was gradually disconnected from all things Scientology. Scientology did manage to make
LRH died in 1986, but Scientology lived on. His successors have kept Scientology in the spot-light, good or bad, almost steadily for more than 20 years. Its attacks against the individual due surface, but for every such thing, there is undoubtedly a smiling celebrity preaching LRH’s words. Three of the most popular actors in
Reporters are viewed as being in league with the government and psychologists. In this way, opponents are demonized and not to be trusted. Scientologists are told they are little more than con-artists, looking to make money as quickly as possible. Such views are promoted by leaders and spread through the seemingly endless ranks, “A chief complaint is that reporters, eager for a story, take the words of lapsed members as gospel. Davis (A Scientology leader at the new Gold facility in
There are a number of factors helping Scientology. Its believers are drawn into a money-devouring religion that promises to make them better than other people. Radical solutions are proposed to their problems. Curious people are lured in with questionarres and offers of free audits. Auditing sounds relatively logical, it corresponds with the popular idea of psychology, at least at the onset. After one is hooked with an introductory audit, problems which did not exist are found in their lives and only Scientology has the means to treat these problems—for a fee. To repay their debt, Scientologists can work for Scientology. First, they must be educated—which costs a lot of money and indebts them to the group. They are slowly yet surely separated and secluded from the rest of society. Scientology turns them against modern medicine and psychology—which speaks against such cults. Soon, their faith and their fellow believers are all they have. Brain-washing probably helps ease this transition from curious skeptic to devoted follower. Only knowledge can prevent more people from being sucked into the cult. Tom Cruise’s antics might help too.
Works Cited
Abgrall, Jean-Marie. Soul Snatchers: The Mechanics of Cults. Trans. Alice Seberry.
Atack, Jon. A Piece of Blue Sky: Scientology, Dianetics and L. Ron Hubbard Exposed.
Cooper, Paulette. The Scandal of Scientology.
Lattin, Don. “Scientology Founder’s Family Life Far From What He Preached.” San Francisco Chronicle 21 February 2001.
Martin, Walter Ralston. The Kingdom of the Cults.
Owen, Chris. Ron the “War Hero:” L. Ron Hubbard and the
Reitman, Janet. “Inside Scientology.” Rolling Stone. 23 February 2006. <http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/story/9363363/inside_scientology?rnd=1146433725882&has-player=unknown>.

